World Food Demand

Food occupies a role of particular importance in the consumer’s budget, especially in poor countries. This paper deals with special issues arising from modelling food consumption patterns in 138 countries, where per capita incomes differ by as much as a factor of 100. We explore various forms of the Engel curve, and emphasise the economic behaviour of the income elasticity and the [0, 1] domain of the budget share. Using a new functional form to allow for the substantial variation in prices across countries, we provide estimates of income and price elasticities in each country. Stress testing is also employed by considering the implications of extreme values of income.

Data Science Methods for Nursing-Relevant Patient Outcomes and Clinical Processes The 2019 Literature Year in Review

Data science continues to be recognized and used within healthcare due to the increased availability of large data sets and advanced analytics. It can be challenging for nurse leaders to remain apprised of this rapidly changing landscape. In this article, we describe our findings from a scoping literature review of papers published in 2019 that use data science to explore, explain, and/or predict 15 phenomena of interest to nurses. Fourteen of the 15 phenomena were associated with at least one paper published in 2019. We identified the use of many contemporary data science methods (eg, natural language processing, neural networks) for many of the outcomes. We found many studies exploring Readmissions and Pressure Injuries. The topics of Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning Acceptance, Burnout, Patient Safety, and Unit Culture were poorly represented. We hope that the studies described in this article help readers: (1) understand the breadth and depth of data science\u27s ability to improve clinical processes and patient outcomes that are relevant to nurses and (2) identify gaps in the literature that are in need of exploratio

The Market Reaction Associated With SFAS No.8 And SFAS No.52: Did Investors Recognize Differential Economic Content Of Translation Gains And Losses?

This study uses the SFAS No.52 functional currency designation as a proxy for the varying economic content of Temporal Method translation gains and losses to refine tests of the market reaction to SFAS No.8 and subsequent foreign currency translation policy events.  We observe that dollar functional currency MNEs having by definition a relatively greater degree of short-term cash flow exposure are more negatively impacted by accounting policy events beginning with the SFAS No.8 Exposure Draft and extending through the SFAS No.52 Exposure Draft than are local currency functional currency firms having by definition a relatively lesser degree of short-term currency exposure.  Our results are consistent with intuition suggesting that local currency functional currency firms are negatively impacted only by the adverse earnings implications of largely unrealized translation gains and losses induced by SFAS No.8;  a condition subsequently alleviated by SFAS No.52.  Dollar functional currency firms, on the other hand, are negatively impacted by the earnings effects of floating exchange rates on near-term entity cash flows and the largely realized translation gains or losses taken to income under SFAS No.8;  a condition unchanged by SFAS No.52.  We conclude that investors did discern the differential degree of MNEs currency exposure relative to the Temporal Method, and that the SFAS No.52 functional currency designation was a relatively important source of information concerning the assessment of the exchange rate exposure of the U.S.-based MNEs